This program is conducted for Bonneville by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Part of this on-going program is known as the End-Use Load and Consumer Assessment Program (ELCAP), an effort designed to collect electricity usage data through direct monitoring more » of end-use loads in buildings. The Office of Energy Resources' End-Use Research Section operates a comprehensive data collection program to provide pertinent information to support demand-side planning, load forecasting, and demand-side program development and delivery. As associated responsibility which supports a variety of office functions is the analysis of historical trends in and determinants of energy consumption. The Office of Energy Resources of the Bonneville Power Administration is generally responsible for the agency's power and conservation resource planning. Actual ventilation rates are not equal to nominal ventilation rates in many buildings due to fan cycling, economizer operation, significant infiltration due to door opening, and general misdesign, misuse, or misoperation of HVAC equipment.
#TO CALCULATE PEOPLE OUTDOOR AIRFLOW RATE IN BREATHING ZONE CODE#
Since designers more » meet code by designing a system where the quantity of outside air is calculated by the product of the required air flow per person times occupancy, the resulting nominal ventilation rates based on actual occupancy will also be significantly higher than the required per occupant ventilation rates. Like most engineering standards, ASHRAE standards use a worst-case condition and add a factor of safety.
ASHRAE Design occupancies are generally significantly higher than actual building occupanices. The following conclusions were drawn with limitations. Data reduction for the audits was done in keeping with the current Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) major commercial building type divisions for load forecasting: large office, small office, large retail, small retail, grocery, school, restaurant, hotel/motel, hospital, warehouses, multi-family housing, and others. The 173 buildings used as data points for this study were buildings audited during the period from January, 1981 through March 1984. Prototypical building ventilation rates were varied in five steps to more » estimate the impacts of outside air on building energy use. These building characterizations are based on survey and energy metering data and represent average or typical construction and operation practices and mechanical system types. Ten types of prototypical commercial buildings used by Bonneville for load forecasting purposes were examined: Large and Small Office, Large and Small Retail, Restaurant, Warehouse, Hospital, Hotel, School, and Grocery. Bonneville's study estimated the energy and cost implications of ASHRAE Standard 62-89 using simulations based on DOE-2.1D, a computer simulation program which estimates building use hourly as a function of building characteristics and climatic location. Based on current information and public comment, the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) revised Standard 62-1981 to Standard 62-89. Now that the revised Standard (Standard 62-89) is available, its usefulness needs to be evaluated. Through its use, it had become evident to Bonneville that Standard 62-81 needed interpretation.
Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville) references ASHRAE Standard 62-81 (the predecessor to Standard 62-89) in their current environmental documents for required ventilation rates. ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 (Standard 62-89) Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality'' is the new heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) industry consensus for ventilation air in commercial buildings.
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